منابع مشابه
The thinning of Arctic sea ice
www.physicstoday.org During the first half of the 20th century, the Arctic sea-ice cover was thought to be in a near-steady seasonal cycle, reaching an area of roughly 15 million km2 each March and retreating to 7 million km2 each September. Ice thick enough to survive the melt season, termed perennial or multiyear ice (MYI), adds to the ice cover. A large fraction of MYI typically remained in ...
متن کاملArctic Sea Ice Retreat in 2007 Follows Thinning Trend
The minimum of Arctic sea ice extent in the summer of 2007 was unprecedented in the historical record. A coupled ice–ocean model is used to determine the state of the ice and ocean over the past 29 yr to investigate the causes of this ice extent minimum within a historical perspective. It is found that even though the 2007 ice extent was strongly anomalous, the loss in total ice mass was not. R...
متن کاملA Mechanism for the High Rate of Sea Ice Thinning in the Arctic Ocean
Submarine measurements of sea ice draft show that the ice has thinned in some parts of the Arctic Ocean at a remarkably high rate over the past few decades. The spatial pattern indicates that the thinning was a strong function of ice thickness, with the greatest thinning occurring where the ice was thickest initially. A similar relationship between sea ice thinning and the initial thickness is ...
متن کاملThe Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice, 1988–2003: Have We Passed a Tipping Point?
Recent observations of summer Arctic sea ice over the satellite era show that record or near-record lows for the ice extent occurred in the years 2002–05. To determine the physical processes contributing to these changes in the Arctic pack ice, model results from a regional coupled ice–ocean model have been analyzed. Since 1988 the thickness of the simulated basinwide ice thinned by 1.31 m or 4...
متن کاملHow the WTO Could Be Improved
AbstractThis paper examines the impasse in the current Doha Development Round negotiations andasks how the rules of the WTO could be changed to facilitate multilateral negotiations andto increase the welfare of the Member countries. It considers possible changes to the methodof negotiation. As examples of rules which are outdated, it considers the rules relating toregional trade agreements and ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 1990
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/345762a0